Every container or bottle of plant food has a set of three numbers written on the label like this: 12-4-8. It's not a cryptic message—it's just the NPK ratio, sometimes just called NPK or the guaranteed analysis, and it's important to understanding how plant food helps your plants.
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NPK or N-P-K stands for Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K). These three elements make up the three primary macronutrients, or the nutrients your plant needs in the largest quantities. All plant food or fertilizer products, from Miracle-Gro® or other brands, must have an NPK ratio on the label. You'll also see an NPK ratio on lawn fertilizers. It's our guarantee to you how much of these three macronutrients will be in the product—hence the name "guaranteed analysis."
The numbers tell you the percent of each nutrient that's present in your plant food and give you the proportions of each nutrient. For instance, 12-4-8 means the plant food has 12% nitrogen, 4% phosphorus and 8% potassium. The ratio proportion can be reduced to 3-1-2, or three parts nitrogen to one part phosphorus to two parts potassium.
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This ratio varies from plant food to plant food. Some plant foods may not contain one or more of these macronutrients (represented by a "0" in the ratio). Complete plant foods have all three primary macronutrients, and balanced plant foods have an equal ratio (for instance, 20-20-20).
As part of the expanded analysis on your plant food label, you may also see secondary macronutrients and micronutrients with the percentages listed. While your plants benefit from these nutrients as well, they're needed in smaller quantities. The secondary macronutrients are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S). There are nine micronutrients, including iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and boron (B).
Let's take a closer look at the primary macronutrients and what they do for plants.
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